An optimal operation method for hydrogen refueling stations considering the electric energy-reserve-hydrogen coupling market environment

To enhance the operational revenue of on-site hydrogen production hydrogen refueling stations （HFS）， a bi-level stochastic optimization model is proposed， considering the electric energy-reserve-hydrogen coupling market environment. The upper-level model represents the bidding strategy of the HFS in the day-ahead electric energy， reserve， and hydrogen coupling markets， as well as the balancing market. The lower-level model comprises a two-stage clearing process： the first stage involves joint clearing of the energy， hydrogen， and reserve markets based on known bidding information of market participants； the second stage handles balancing market clearing under various load deviation scenarios. Additionally， a mixed-integer linear programming equilibrium-solving algorithm is designed based on duality theory and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker （KKT） conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that participation in reserve and balancing markets significantly increases the revenue of the HFS.