Off-axis digital lensless holographic microscopy based on spatially multiplexed interferometry

Significance: Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a label-free microscopy technique that provides time-resolved quantitative phase imaging (QPI) by measur- ing the optical path delay of light induced by transparent biological samples. DHM has been utilized for various biomedical applications, such as cancer research and sperm cell assessment, as well as for in vitro drug or toxicity testing. Its lensless version, digital lensless holographic microscopy (DLHM), is an emerging technology that offers size-reduced, lightweight, and cost-effective imaging systems. These fea- tures make DLHM applicable, for example, in limited resource laboratories, remote areas, and point-of-care applications. Aim: In addition to the abovementioned advantages, in-line arrangements for DLHM also include the limitation of the twin-image presence, which can restrict accurate QPI. We therefore propose a compact lensless common-path interferometric off-axis approach that is capable of quantitative imaging of fast-moving biological speci- mens, such as living cells in flow. Approach: We suggest lensless spatially multiplexed interferometric microscopy (LESSMIM) as a lens-free variant of the previously reported spatially multiplexed interferometric microscopy (SMIM) concept. LESSMIM comprises a common-path interferometric architecture that is based on a single diffraction grating to achieve digital off-axis holography. From a series of single-shot off-axis holograms, twin- image free and time-resolved QPI is achieved by commonly used methods for Fourier filtering-based reconstruction, aberration compensation, and numerical propagation. Results: Initially, the LESSMIM concept is experimentally demonstrated by results from a resolution test chart and investigations on temporal stability. Then, the accu- racy of QPI and capabilities for imaging of living adherent cell cultures is character- ized. Finally, utilizing a microfluidic channel, the cytometry of suspended cells in flow is evaluated. Conclusions: LESSMIM overcomes several limitations of in-line DLHM and pro- vides fast time-resolved QPI in a compact optical arrangement. In summary, LESSMIM represents a promising technique with potential biomedical applications for fast imaging such as in imaging flow cytometry or sperm cell analysis.