STUDY OF GERMINATION REGARDING THE COMBAT OF WEEDS IN MEADOWS WITH REFERENCE TO CIRSIUM VULGARE SPECIES

The meadow is the land surface covered with grassy vegetation, made up mostly of perennial plants, belonging to different botanical families, the production of which is used for feeding animals, by grazing or mowing. Cirsium vulgare, the spear thistle, bull thistle or common thistle, is a species of the Asteraceae genus Cirsium, widespread throughout Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa. It is also found in North America, Africa and Australia and is an invasive weed in some areas. Seed germination is the most important stage in the life cycle of a plant.During seed germination,various metabolic processes are activated that ensure seedling growth and important physiological and biochemical changes occur.Factors acting during seed development (temperature, moisture, burial and microbial damage) can influence subsequent germination performance.Developmental(eg,inflorescence,age) and positional (within or between inflorescences of the parent plant) effects may also be important.In general,C.vulgare is a Euriecia species(species with a high degree of adaptability) common on wet alluvial soils.C vulgare reproduction: pollination takes place by insects (entomogamous pollination) or possibly by wind (anemogamous pollination).They are plants with a biennial reproductive cycle.In the first year they have a single rosette of leaves, while in the second year they bloom completely.They are herbaceous plants that differ from the other biological forms because,being annual,they overcome the adverse season in the form of seeds and are equipped with an erect and often leafless flower axis.