Precise Foot Feature Point Localization and Automatic Parameters Measurement

In order to quickly obtain foot parameters and quantify the degree of foot deformation, an algorithm that can accurately locate foot feature points and automatically calculate foot parameters is proposed. First, a total of 93 patients participate and their foot models are obtained using the UPOD laser scanner. Then, the random sampling consensus algorithm and principal component analysis are used to align the foot coordinate system. The algorithm utilizes foot features to identify and locate feature points, enabling the parameter calculation of length, angle, and girth. The accuracy, repeatability, and consistency of the measurements are evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots. The MAE of foot length and width is less than 2 mm, and for ball girth, instep girth, and heel girth, it is less than 4 mm. The MAPE is less than 2%, and the ICCs for the three replicates exceed 0.99. More than 95% of the scattered points in the Bland-Altman plots are within the consistency boundary. The results show that the proposed algorithm can automatically align the coordinate system, accurately locate feature points, and accurately measure foot parameters in the standing posture. The measurement accuracy meets clinical needs with high accuracy and reliability. The findings provide valuable data support for foot classification, intelligent assistive device adaptation, and personalized assistive device design, showing important clinical application potential.