PRISMA 2020 checklist.

<div> Objective This network meta-analysis aims to evaluate the recurrence rates of various treatment options for granulomatous lobular mastitis. Methods We systematically searched and identified eligible studies in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases until September 30, 2023. Original studies reporting the recurrence rates of various treatments were included. Subsequently, literature screening, data extraction, and network meta-analysis were conducted. This study was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD 42023434773). Results Nineteen articles involving 1,095 patients were included in this study. The network meta-analysis revealed that several treatment combinations reduced the recurrence rate compared to observation: Surgery + Local steroid injection + Systemic steroids therapy (OR: 0.23, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.53), Local steroid injection (OR: 0.34, 95% CI 0.02 to 6.81), Surgery + Systemic steroids therapy (OR: 0.36, 95% CI 0.02 to 5.29), Surgery + Traditional Chinese Medicine (OR: 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 9.11), Systemic steroids therapy + MTX (OR: 0.62, 95% CI 0.01 to 34.59), and Systemic steroids therapy + drainage (OR: 0.76, 95% CI 0.05 to 10.67). Among these, Surgery + Local steroid injection + Systemic steroids therapy demonstrated superior efficacy. The surface under cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values were highest for Surgery + Local steroid injection + Systemic steroids therapy (0.85), followed by Local steroid injection (0.78) and Surgery + Systemic steroids therapy (0.77). Conclusions Steroid-based combination therapy may be the first choice for IGM patients, with a comprehensive strategy of local and systemic steroids combined with surgery having the best effect on IGM. </div>