What's in the lunchbox?: dietary behaviour of learners from disadvantaged schools in the Western Cape, South Africa

To identify and describe factors associated with food shop (known as tuck shop in South Africa) and lunchbox behaviours of primary-school learners in South Africa. Analysis of data collected in 2008 from a cross-sectional survey. Sixteen primary schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. A total of 717 grade 4 learners aged 10-12 years. A 24 h recall established that 69% of learners carried a lunchbox to school and 49% had consumed at least one item purchased from the school food shop/ vendor. Most lunchboxes contained white bread with processed meat, whereas the most frequent food shop/vendor purchase comprised chips/crisps. Learners who carried a lunchbox to school had significantly lower BMI percentiles and BMI-for-age, compared with their counterparts. Moreover, they were younger, had higher standard-of-living and dietary diversity scores, consumed more meals per day, had greater self-efficacy and came from predominantly urban schools, compared with those who did not carry a lunchbox to school. Learners who ate food shop/vendor purchases had a lower standard-of-living score and higher dietary diversity and meal scores. Only 2% of learners were underweight, whereas 19% were stunted and 21% were overweight/obese. Children who carried a lunchbox to school appeared to have greater dietary diversity, consumed more regular meals, had a higher standard of living and greater nutritional self-efficacy compared with those who did not carry a lunchbox to school.