Butterfly-Inspired\nMultiple Cross-Linked Dopamine–Metal–Phenol\nBioprosthetic Valves with Enhanced Endothelialization and Anticalcification

Valve replacement is the most effective means of treating\nheart\nvalve diseases, and transcatheter heart valve replacement (THVR) is\nthe hottest field at present. However, the durability of the commercial\nbioprosthetic valves has always been the limiting factor restricting\nthe development of interventional valve technology. The chronic inflammatory\nreaction, calcification, and difficulty in endothelialization after\nthe implantation of a glutaraldehyde cross-linked porcine aortic valve\nor bovine pericardium often led to valve degeneration. Improving the\nbiocompatibility of valve materials and inducing endothelialization\nto promote in situ regeneration can extend the service life of valve\nmaterials. Herein, inspired by the hardening process of butterfly\nwings, this study proposed a dopamine–metal–phenol strategy\nto modify decellularized porcine pericardium (DPP). This is a strategy\nto make dopamine (DA) coordinate trivalent metal chromium ions (Cr(III))\nwith antiplatelets (PLTs) and anti-inflammatory properties, and then\ncross-link it with tea polyphenols (TP) to generate a valve scaffold\nthat is mechanically comparable to glutaraldehyde-cross-linked scaffolds\nbut avoids the cytotoxicity of aldehyde and presents better biocompatibility,\nhemocompatibility, anticalcification, and anti-inflammatory response\nproperties.