Explaining the UV to X-ray correlation in active galactic nuclei within the framework of X-ray illumination of accretion discs

Context. It is established that the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray emission in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is tightly correlated. This correlation is observed both in low- and high-redshift sources. In particular, observations of large samples of quasars revealed a non-linear correlation between UV and X-rays. The physical origin of this correlation is poorly understood. Aims. We explore this observed correlation in the framework of the X-ray illumination of the accretion disc by a central source. We showed previously that this model successfully explains the continuum UV/optical time delays, variability, and the broadband spectral energy distribution in AGN. Methods. We used this model to produce 150 000 model spectral energy distributions, assuming a uniform distribution of the model parameters. We computed the corresponding UV (2500 Å) and X-ray (2 keV) monochromatic luminosities and selected only the model data points that agreed with the observed UV-to-X-ray correlation. Results. Our results show that the X-ray illuminated accretion disc model can reproduce the observed correlation for a subset of model configurations with a non-uniform distribution of the black hole mass (MBH), accretion rate (ṁ/ṁEdd), and power transferred from the accretion disc to the corona (Ltransf/Ldisc). In addition, our results reveal a correlation between MBH and ṁ/ṁEdd and between ṁ/ṁEdd and Ltransf/Ldisc that explains the observed X-ray-UV correlation. We also present evidence based on observed luminosities that supports our findings. We finally discuss the implications of our results.