Comparative Studyof UMCM‑9 Polymorphs: Structural,Dynamic, and Hydrogen Storage Properties via Atomistic Simulations

The structural and dynamic properties of two polymorphs of the metal–organic framework UMCM-9 (UMCM-9-α and -β) have been studied via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in conjunction with density functional tight binding (DFTB) as well as the newly developed MACE–MP neural network potential (NNP). Based on these calculations, a novel UMCM-9-β polymorph is proposed that exhibits reduced linker strain and increased flexibility compared to UMCM-9-α, which is shown to be energetically less stable. UMCM-9-β exhibits enhanced diffusion of molecular hydrogen due to weaker host–guest interactions, whereas UMCM-9-α exhibits stronger interactions, leading to improved hydrogen adsorption. The results suggest that synthesis conditions may control the formation of both polymorphs: UMCM-9-β is likely to be the thermodynamic product, forming under stable conditions, while UMCM-9-α may be the kinetic product, forming under accelerated synthesis conditions. This study highlights the potential for optimizing MOFs for specific gas storage applications to achieve the desired structural and associated gas storage properties.