Recent Advances in\nDevelopment of Organic Battery\nMaterials for Monovalent and Multivalent Metal-Ion Rechargeable Batteries

Rechargeable\nmonovalent and multivalent metal-ion batteries have\nemerged as sustainable energy storage systems in view of their low\ncost, high safety, rich resources, and abundance of metallic resources\n(monovalent metals such as Li, Na and K and multivalent metals such\nas Mg, Ca, Zn and Al). However, their further development and application\nare hindered by the lack of high-energy electrode materials. Organic\nbattery materials (OBMs) in both monovalent and multivalent metal–organic\nbatteries (MOBs) offer unique opportunities thanks to their abundant\nstructural diversity and tunability. This Review presents the recent\nprogress on the developments of OBMs (<i>Collection of organic\nbattery materials from the recently published articles in a single\nissue of the three ACS journals such as ACS Applied Polymer Materials,\nACS Applied Energy Materials, and ACS Applied Materials</i><i>& Interfaces</i>) in enhancing the electrochemical performances\nof MOBs, including nonaqueous rechargeable monovalent Li/Na/K-ion\nbatteries, Li–S batteries and aqueous/nonaqueous rechargeable\nmultivalent Mg/Ca/Zn/Al-ion batteries. We first presented the structural\ncharacteristics, energy storage mechanism and electrochemical performance\nof different types of OBMs in MOBs, including redox-active polymer,\norganosulfur compounds, redox-active porous polymers, conductive polymers,\norganic carbonyl compounds, small molecules, aromatic polymers/polyimides,\npolymer frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks and metal–organic\nframeworks and so on. Further, an overview of OBMs in MOBs, the correlation\nbetween molecular structure and electrochemical redox properties,\nand electrolyte system with working potential range is also provided\nand discussed. This is then followed by an overview on different strategies\nemployed to realize the high-performances of MOBs through structural\nengineering, polymerization, hybridization, and amorphization of OBMs.\nFinally, a conclusion and perspective is given for the future development\nin OBMs for MOBs.