Electrolyte-GatedRuddlesden–Popper Perovskitesfor Switchable Optoelectronic Universal Logic Gates

Electrolyte-gated semiconductor devices are the building blocks for next-generation optoelectronics due to their memory effect and slow ion kinetics, mimicking synapses. Halide perovskites have memory effects, mixed electronic and ionic conductivity, and optical responses, which are extremely promising for this application. However, most high-performance halide perovskites are unstable in liquid electrolytes due to solvent intercalation. We have stabilized the Ruddlesden–Popper 2D perovskites by introducing an ion-transporting membrane separator between the thin film and a quasi-solid-state gel electrolyte interface. Here, we demonstrate an electrolyte-gated three-terminal device that operates as a switchable OR, AND, and a universal NOR gate, with one input being electrical and the other being optical, based on negative, zero, and positive gate voltages, respectively. We also demonstrated all electrical XOR gates, electrical and optical NOT, and BUFFER gates using the same. Overall, this work will open new opportunities for halide perovskites and contribute to a deeper understanding of their photophysical properties.