Enhancing EpoxyToughness with a Bis-Hydroxy UrethaneDiol Additive Derived from CO₂‑Based Ethylene Carbonateand Bio-Based Diamine

This study introduces a method to improve epoxy toughness by incorporating bis-hydroxy urethane diols derived from CO₂-based ethylene carbonate and bio-based diamine as additives. This approach significantly enhances strength and elongation with minimal impact on adhesion. The key to this improvement lies in the integration of the diol molecules into the epoxy network during curing. The simplicity and eco-friendliness of this diol highlight its potential for practical applications, advancing the development of durable and sustainable materials.