From Grave to\nCradle: Treatment, Resource Recycling,\nand Valorization of Phosphogypsum Wastes

Phosphogypsum (PG) wastes, including solid-state PG and\nliquid-state\nPG leachate, are industrial byproducts generated during the production\nof phosphoric acid. It is of great concern due to the large-scale\nproduct accumulation and environmental and geological hazards. Harmless\ntreatment and green chemical resource utilization techniques emerge\nto be the critical solutions for solving the PG waste problem. This\nreview aims to comprehensively summarize the recent advances in harmless\ntreatment, resource recovery, and valorization of PG wastes. The technique\nadvancements regarding the harmless treatment, decontamination, and\nvalorization of solid-state PG waste with different physical, chemical,\nthermal, and biological approaches are summarized. Additionally, the\ncomprehensive physical chemistry mechanisms underneath the treatment\nand valorization strategies for PG leachate have also been discussed.\nFor future work, the challenges and perspectives for resource utilization\nof solid-state PG and leachate are highlighted. With the systematic\ninformation on these aspects, we expect this review will serve as\na guideline for the young generations working on PG waste treatment\nand resource recovery.