Development of\nSodium-Lithium-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide\nwith B Doping or B/F Dual Doping as Cathode Electrode Materials for\nSodium-Ion Batteries

The abundance of raw materials is a significant advantage\nthat\npositions sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as a promising energy storage\nsolution for the future. However, the low cycle efficiency and poor\nrate capacity of cathode materials have hindered the commercialization\nof SIBs, prompting extensive research efforts to address these challenges.\nIon doping into the material structure is considered to be an effective,\nsimple, and scalable approach to enhancing the electrical performance\nof cathode materials. In this work, B and F elemental ions were selectively\ndoped into the structure of sodium-lithium-manganese-cobalt oxide\nmaterial via the sol–gel method combined with calcination.\nThe effects of B and F ion doping on the properties of the obtained\nmaterials exhibited distinct variations, particularly in the electrochemical\nperformance. While the B-doped material (B-NLMC) exhibited a specific\ncapacity of up to 166.5 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at a current density\nof 10 mA g<sup>–1</sup> and maintained 72.1% capacity after\n100 cycles, the material simultaneously doped with B and F ions (BF-NLMC)\ndemonstrated lower specific capacity and cycling efficiency compared\nto B-NLMC. However, the BF-NLMC material exhibited significantly improved\nrate capability, delivering a specific capacity of up to approximately\n80 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at a high current density of 200 mA g<sup>–1</sup>. Obviously, this research offers valuable insights\ninto diversifying doping strategies to enhance the electrochemical\nperformance of cathode materials, contributing to the advancement\nof SIB technology.