Black-Phosphorus-Reinforced\nInjectable Conductive\nBiodegradable Hydrogel for the Delivery of ADSC-Derived Exosomes to\nRepair Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading\ncauses of\ndeath globally, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies for\neffective repair. Conventional treatment methods such as pharmacotherapy,\ninterventional surgery, and cardiac transplantation, while capable\nof reducing short-term mortality rates, still face significant challenges\nin post-MI repair including the restoration of intercellular biological\nand electrical signaling. This study presents a novel exosome-loaded\nconductive hydrogel designed to enhance myocardial repair by concurrently\nimproving biological and electrical signals. Adipose-derived stem\ncell (ADSC) exosomes, encapsulated within a hyaluronic acid-dopamine\n(HA-DA) hydrogel, were employed to promote angiogenesis and inhibit\ninflammation. Incorporating black phosphorus (BP) into the hydrogel\nimproved its electrical conductivity, thereby restoring electrical\nsignal transmission in the infarcted myocardium and preventing arrhythmias.\nIn vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the exosome-loaded\nconductive hydrogel significantly enhanced cardiac function recovery\nby accelerating angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and increasing\nelectrical activity between myocardial cells. The hydrogel exhibited\nexcellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and sustained release\nof exosomes, ensuring prolonged therapeutic effects. This integrated\napproach resulted in notable improvements in the left ventricular\nejection fraction, reduced fibrosis, and increased neovascularization.\nThe combination of bioactive exosomes and a conductive hydrogel presents\na promising therapeutic strategy for myocardial infarction repair.