The role of soil and forest characteristics in planning hydraulic-forestry and bioengineering works: Lessons from the Italian experience

Soil plays a crucial role in hydraulic-forestry and bioengineering works, influencing the design, construction, and implementation of measures aimed at mitigating land degradation and promoting environmental restoration. These systems involve various intensive and extensive interventions designed to address the causes and effects of land instability, particularly in hilly and mountainous torrent basins. A key objective is to create favourable conditions for vegetation re-establishment. Recent advancements have emphasized the use of natural engineering techniques, soil and water bioengineering, and nature-based solutions over traditional masonry structures. These innovative approaches not only restore damaged areas but also focus on preventing future degradation by addressing underlying causes, often related to soil properties and management practices. This review provides an overview of recent developments in Italy, showcasing practical examples of solutions that leverage soil knowledge and mapping, and the use of decision support systems and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The meta-analysis identifies key soil properties influencing hydrological behavior, which must be considered when assessing hydraulic and geological risk in forested areas and when planning bioengineering or nature-based interventions.