Supplementary_information_JDS_25466

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy as a tool for authenticating animal welfare, farming practices and dairy systems in the Parmigiano Reggiano production area. For this purpose, we analyzed data from 949 farms, located in northern Italy. The results showed that infrared spectroscopy is an effective tool for the authentication of farming practices and dairy systems, but it lacks the ability to discriminate parameters of animal welfare. The findings of this research should contribute to the growing needs of the market and production systems to satisfy consumer demands.