The Multiple Sclerosis and advanced technologies based on cellular and molecular facts

Abstract: Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, leading to progressive neurological dysfunction. The integration of nanotechnology, biotechnology and stem cell therapy represents a breakthrough in MS treatment strategies. It signifies a move toward precision nanomedicine, where cell fate is directed ex vivo and regenerative competence is restored. The bio-nanotechnology offers unique tools to modulate immune responses with high specificity, to facilitate targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents across the BBB, to enhance the bioavailability and safety profiles of existing drugs. A promising aspect of this field involves the study and application of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These nanoscale particles are naturally secreted by various CNS cells including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. EVs play critical roles in intercellular communication and can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring and act as therapeutic agents through their cargo of regulatory proteins and RNAs.