METABOLIC MULTI-TARGETING THERAPIES: A REVIEW OF DUAL-AGONIST DRUGS AND THEIR IMPACT ON DIABETES, OBESITY, AND ORGAN PROTECTION

Diseases related to disorders of metabolism such as T2DM and obesity pose significant growing health threats in every region of the globe, frequently complicated by cardiac function impairment, renal failure, and hepatic dysfunction. Drug combinations targeted at a single pathway are known to be of limited efficacy with respect to enduring tolerability. From this perspective, in recent years, dual-agonist therapies have been heralded as a promising multi-target approach in the simultaneous activation of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors to bring about glycemic control, weight loss, and organ protection. Such drugs as tirzepatide (a GLP-1/GIP dual agonist) and cotadutide (a GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist) have been clinically proven to outperform conventional treatment regimens that improve insulin sensitivity, reduce body weight, and exert cardiovascular and hepatic protective effects. This review explores the mechanisms, impact on other systems, safety profiles, and future prospects of these agents, emphasizing their potential to transform the current landscape of metabolic disease management.. Despite promising results, long-term safety, cost, and accessibility remain critical considerations for widespread adoption. Keywords:Dual agonists, GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, tirzepatide, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, organ protection, multi-target therapy.