THE HISTORY OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE (LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY)

This article analyzes the formation, objectives, and socio-political significance of the exile (forced deportation) system in the Bukhara Emirate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, based on historical sources. In the Emirate, exile punishment was not limited to criminals but was also applied to political opponents, as well as individuals accused of religious or ethnic discord. The article explores the role of the Emirate's administrative structures in issuing exile decisions, the forms of punishment, designated exile regions, and the impact of this practice on local populations. Additionally, changes in the exile system in the context of relations with the Russian Empire are examined. The study is based on archival documents, and written accounts of foreign travelers and diplomatic representatives. Through this topic, the article reveals the unique characteristics of the Bukhara Emirate’s legal-political system and mechanisms of social control