Child Malnutrition in India: A Persistent Public Health Challenge

Abstract Child malnutrition remains a critical public health issue in India, with far-reaching implications for the country’s social and economic development. Despite a range of governmental and non-governmental interventions, India continues to bear a disproportionate burden of global child malnutrition. This study explores the multifaceted causes, consequences, and potential solutions to child malnutrition through a mixed-methods approach that combines statistical analysis, case studies, and policy evaluation. Drawing on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), UNICEF, WHO, and field-level interviews, the paper assesses the prevalence of undernutrition, stunting, and wasting among children under five and examines socio-economic determinants such as poverty, maternal education, healthcare access, and sanitation. The research identifies significant gaps in the implementation of key nutrition programs like the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Mid-Day Meal Scheme, and POSHAN Abhiyaan. It also analyzes the legal framework governing food security and maternal-child health, including the National Food Security Act (2013) and the Maternity Benefit Act (2017). Findings reveal that while policy frameworks exist, they are often hampered by inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and limited grassroots participation. Regional disparities further exacerbate the crisis, with states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh reporting the highest malnutrition rates. The study also highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which intensified food insecurity and disrupted essential services such as mid-day meals. Lessons from global best practices, including Brazil’s Zero Hunger Program and Ethiopia’s community-based approaches, provide valuable insights for Indian policy reform. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a multi-sectoral strategy integrating healthcare, education, and technology-driven solutions, with an emphasis on community involvement and maternal awareness. Addressing child malnutrition in India is not only a public health priority but also a cornerstone for achieving equitable and sustainable national development.