18. The Ethical Foundations of Commerce in the Thirukkural: A Hermeneutic Exploration

This paper examines how the Thirukkural, especially Book II (Poruḷ), articulates an ethical basis for commerce that integrates justice, impartiality, societal welfare, and personal virtue. Through a hermeneutic reading of key chapters—such as Impartiality and Justice—and supporting insights from Aram (virtue), this study demonstrates that economic activity in the Kural tradition is deeply intertwined with moral responsibility. Contemporary implications for business ethics and leadership are assessed in light of interpretations by Balakrishnan & Rajantheran (2011) and Sankar (2021), highlighting enduring relevance. The findings affirm that commerce grounded in dharma yields sustainable prosperity for both individuals and societies.