Comprehensive Review on Multiple Myeloma: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Current Treatment Strategies

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy marked by the proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to multiple systemic complications including bone lesions, renal dysfunction, and anemia. Despite significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, MM remains largely incurable, although survival outcomes have improved. This review outlines the disease's etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, staging systems, and the evolving landscape of treatment approaches, providing a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge base.