From the "Estimated Position" To the "Observed Longitude" Resolution: A Brief History of Navigation in the Modern Age

During the Modern Age, oceanic voyages fostered significant advancements in astronomical navigation. In this context, the aim is to describe its origins and evolution throughout this period, during which the transition from the art of navigation to scientific astronomical navigation took place. To achieve this, the context in which this shift occurred is analyzed, considering the scientific and technical advancements available at each moment. Additionally, all the elements involved in the process are described until reaching the concept of the "fixed point," regarded by many as the limit imposed by God on human intelligence. Furthermore, the main nautical instruments and techniques used by sailors of that era to calculate the ship's position at sea are examined.