Time flows at c and governs gravity, rotation and orbits: Foundations of time-structured gravitation

We introduce the Time Velocity Gravity Model (TVGM)—a scalar-field framework in which gravity arises from spatial gradients in the local velocity of time, rather than from force or spacetime curvature. The central postulate is physically motivated: in flat space, time flows at a constant velocity c, and mass induces asymmetric reductions in this flow. From this single principle, we derive gravitational acceleration, orbital dynamics, and planetary rotation without relying on classical forces or geodesic motion. TVGM not only recovers Newtonian results in the appropriate limit but also offers unified explanations for several gravitational anomalies that remain unresolved in existing models—including Venus’s retrograde rotation, Mercury’s spin–orbit resonance, flat galaxy rotation curves, tidal locking behavior, and spacecraft flyby anomalies. These predictions are achieved using a single calibrated parameter, without invoking additional assumptions such as dark matter, atmospheric torque, or initial spin. This model addresses foundational questions about the nature of gravity and the role of time as a physical field. The framework is original, observationally testable, and relevant to both theoretical and experimental gravitational physics.