Water Conservation in Ancient Indian Temples

Abstract Water scarcity is a growing global problem, with recent climate change and urbanization putting colossal pressure on freshwater resources. As water conservation in the present age focuses on technologies, there is much to learn from the traditional wisdom of the past. Temple complexes in ancient India were environmental hubs where water was revered, regulated, and conserved by creative architectural and engineering techniques. This topic has been chosen in order to bridge the gap between the traditional wisdom of the past and the present concern for water conservation, demonstrating the potential of ancient wisdom to enable sustainable solutions of the present times. Through analysis of the sophisticated hydrological techniques employed in ancient temples, the research aims to initiate the reactivation and adaptation of ancient methods to modern-day water management so that the resource is made sustainable for generations to come. This study explores the innovative methods of water management techniques adopted in temple complexes, including stepped tanks (Kunds and Pushkarinis), underground channels, percolation wells, and rainwater harvesting structures. Based on a case study of model temple locations, including the Brihadeeswarar Temple (Tamil Nadu), Chand Baori (Rajasthan), and the Sun Temple at Modhera (Gujarat), this study unravels how ancient architects harnessed natural ground, geological knowledge, and architectural precision to develop self-sustaining water habitats. These habitats not only served rituals and pilgrims' needs but also facilitated groundwater recharge and climate resilience to semi-arid terrain. Considering these age-old practices, this study aims to highlight their relevance in fulfilling contemporary-day water conservation requirements, suggesting the integration of ancient wisdom in modern-day sustainability practices