ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOGENIC IMPACTS ON SLOPE DEFORMATION IN LARGE-SCALE COPPER MINING: A CASE STUDY OF THE KALMAKIR OPEN-PIT MINE

Anthropogenic (technogenic) factors such as blasting, excavation sequencing, equipment-induced vibrations, and poorly designed drainage systems significantly influence pit slope deformation in large-scale open-pit mining operations. This study presents a detailed investigation of these influences at the Kalmakir copper mine in Uzbekistan. Using field data, geotechnical instrumentation, and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) via PLAXIS 2D, the stress redistribution and displacement patterns under various mining activities were analyzed. The results indicate that uncontrolled blasting and excavation without proper phasing contribute most to instability. Recommendations include optimized blast timing, vibration monitoring, phased excavation, and reinforcement strategies.