Coexistence and potential of smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) as biological control for invasive Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Southern Peninsular, Malaysia

The smooth-coated otter, scientifically known as Lutrogale perspicillata, is a key species in maintaining the ecological balance of freshwater ecosystems. However, increasing human-otter conflicts, particularly in southern Peninsular Malaysia, pose challenges to conservation and local livelihoods. The distribution of this species remains understudied, especially in southern Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, this study aimed to map the distribution patterns of smooth-coated otters and identify conflict hotspots where otters come into close contact with human activities. Data were collected through surveys and interviews across eight study sites in Johor state, with 49 respondents participating. The findings revealed that 89.80% of otter sightings were concentrated near riverine habitats, underscoring their preference for freshwater environments. In Johor, otters were typically observed in small groups of three to five individuals, in contrast to the larger groups reported in neighboring Singapore. The conflict involved otter predation on farmed fish, particularly Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), an invasive species that disrupts local ecosystems and biodiversity. Local communities faced significant economic losses due to otter predation and the resulting damage to fishing equipment. Contributing factors included habitat degradation and land-use changes. Suggested mitigation strategies from local respondents included physical barriers, improved habitat management, and educational programs to promote coexistence. These findings emphasize the need for targeted conservation efforts and conflict mitigation strategies to ensure the long-term survival of smooth-coated otters in rapidly urbanizing regions.