ADVANCEMENTS IN STEM CELL THERAPY FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

The advancement of stem cell technologies has generated significant interest in their potential application for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review evaluates various stem cell sources and delivery methods, focusing on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). BM-MSCs are notable for their ability to modulate microglial activation, secrete neuroprotective factors, and reduce neuronal apoptosis, although challenges persist in precise targeting and potential embolism risks. In contrast, hUC-MSCs exhibit lower immunogenicity and demonstrate enhanced efficacy in increasing neuroprotective proteins and antioxidants, thus supporting neuronal survival and reducing oxidative stress. Innovative delivery methods, including magnetic targeted cellular delivery (MTCD) and intranasal administration, have been developed to enhance the precision of stem cell localization and distribution. These techniques improve the targeting of therapeutic cells to affected brain regions and facilitate the clearance of amyloid-beta plaques. Despite the progress in stem cell-based therapies, further research is needed to address delivery challenges and optimize therapeutic outcomes. The continued exploration of these technologies and methodologies will be crucial in advancing treatment strategies for AD and related neurodegenerative disorders.