Environmental and Agronomic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops: A Synthesis of Meta-analyses and Reviews

The implementation of genetically modified (GM) crops in global agriculture has been a subject of intense debate and has generated a vast scientific literature. This systematic review integrates and analyzes the findings of key studies related to the environmental and agronomic impacts of GM crops, with a particular focus on pesticide use, food safety, crop yield, drought tolerance, and regulatory implications. Effects on pesticide reduction, economic benefits for farmers, concerns about weed and pest resistance, and safety for animal and human consumption will be examined. The adopted methodology is based on an exhaustive synthesis of published literature, highlighting the complexities and heterogeneities in findings. Statistical elasticities and observed effects will be presented, using extensive explanatory paragraphs and detailed tables to consolidate information. Despite reported benefits in terms of yield and initial pesticide reduction, systemic complexities and long-term challenges, such as the evolution of resistance, will be acknowledged. The discussion will include how political and economic dynamics influence the adoption of GM crops and their regulation. Main conclusions will be summarized, emphasizing the need for continuous and transparent research to fully understand the impact of these advanced agricultural technologies.