Assessment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent-Induced Alterations on Soil Physicochemical Dynamics in Umuapu, Imo State

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a high-strength organic waste that poses significant environmental risks, particularly in regions where untreated discharge into terrestrial ecosystems is common. This study evaluates the impact of POME on soil physicochemical properties in Umuapu, Ohaji, Imo State, Nigeria a semi-rural community experiencing intensified artisanal palm oil production. A total of 12 composite soil samples were collected from effluent-impacted and control sites and analyzed for key parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen, organic carbon, moisture content, and contaminant levels, following APHA and AOAC standard protocols. Results revealed marked alterations in soil properties due to effluent exposure. Soils near POME discharge points exhibited increased pH (up to 5.37), EC (500.10 µS/cm), total nitrogen (3.12%), and organic carbon (19.60%), indicating substantial organic enrichment and nutrient loading. However, elevated oil and grease concentrations (up to 700.86 mg/kg) and chloride levels (92.22 mg/kg) were observed, suggesting significant contamination risks. Temperature elevations (up to 36.10 °C) and increased moisture content in effluent-impacted soils reflect thermal and hydrophilic characteristics of POME, which may disrupt microbial dynamics and reduce soil aeration. The findings underscore the dualistic nature of POME impacts enhancing fertility parameters while simultaneously introducing environmental stressors such as salinity, hydrocarbon pollution, and potential groundwater contamination. This study provides critical localized data on POME-induced soil alterations, informing future remediation strategies and policy frameworks aimed at sustainable agro-industrial practices. Effective management of POME discharge is essential to safeguard soil health, agricultural productivity, and environmental quality in palm oil-producing regions.