POSTOPERATIVE DELIRIUM: UNDERSTANDING CAUSES, RISKS, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common complication after surgery, especially in elderly patients, linked to significant morbidity, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. This article examines POD’s pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic tools, prevention, and management. Neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalances, and disrupted brain connectivity underlie its pathogenesis. Key risk factors include advanced age, cognitive impairment, comorbidities, and perioperative factors. Tools like the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC) assist diagnosis but need better accuracy. Prevention emphasizes non-pharmacological methods, such as cognitive stimulation and early mobilization, with pharmacological treatments used cautiously. Continued research on biomarkers and personalized prevention is essential for reducing POD's burden and improving outcomes through a multidisciplinary approach.