Formulation and Evaluation of a Screening Model for Submucosal Fibrosis Using Chingum with Dragon Fruit

Submucosal fibrosis (SMF) is a chronic, progressive oral disorder with malignant potential, commonly associated with areca nut chewing and other irritants. Early screening and preventive measures are vital to halt its progression. This study aims to formulate a functional chewing gum using Dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) extract, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and evaluate its potential as a screening model for SMF. The chewing gum was prepared using standard excipients and evaluated for organoleptic properties, physicochemical parameters, in vitro release of antioxidants, and mucosal compatibility. Results showed effective incorporation of bioactive compounds from Dragon fruit, satisfactory chewing properties, and promising antioxidant release during simulated chewing. Preliminary tests indicated a potential role in supporting mucosal health and enhancing salivary biomarker responses linked to SMF. This study suggests that Dragon fruit-based chewing gum could serve as a novel, non-invasive adjunct for early screening and prevention of submucosal fibrosis. The Dragon fruit extract was obtained through maceration, standardized, and incorporated into a natural chingum matrix to form a mucoadhesive formulation. The prepared formulation was evaluated for its physicochemical properties, bioadhesive strength, spreadability, drug release behavior, and in vitro antioxidant and anti-fibrotic activity. Results indicated good mucoadhesive properties, sustained release of phytoconstituents, and significant inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro. The incorporation of Dragon fruit enhances the therapeutic potential of the model by delivering bioactive compounds directly to the oral mucosa. This approach presents a promising tool for early screening and management of OSMF, particularly in resource-limited settings where non-invasive and cost-effective interventions are needed.