The interplay of ADHD, social media usage, and dopamine receptors in adolescents: A literature review

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by symptoms such as inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with a prevalence rate exceeding 5%. The pathophysiology of ADHD includes cognitive and functional brain abnormalities, particularly in the anterior cingulate gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as decreased activity in the frontostriatal region. Diagnosis involves comprehensive assessments based on behavioral criteria outlined in the DSM-5. Treatment primarily includes stimulant medications, which are effective in about 70% of patients, and non-stimulant options such as atomoxetine and antidepressants. The review explores the effects of social media on adolescents, highlighting both negative impacts, such as social isolation, depression, and cyberbullying, and positive aspects, such as enhanced communication and knowledge sharing. Adolescents with ADHD are particularly vulnerable to behavioral addictions due to their poor impulse control, making them susceptible to excessive social media use. Additionally, the role of D2-dopamine receptors in ADHD is discussed, noting that genetic components like the DRD2 gene can affect dopamine neurotransmission, impacting attention and pleasure experiences. The pleasure principle, as proposed by Freud, is also analyzed in the context of ADHD, suggesting that individuals with ADHD may engage in behaviors that provide immediate gratification to avoid discomfort. Therefore, this review underscores the correlation between ADHD symptoms, social media usage, dopamine receptor function, and the underlying psychological drives in adolescents, providing a comprehensive understanding of these interrelated factors.