PREECLAMPSIA - HYPERTENSIVE DISORDER OF PREGNANCY

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 2-15% of pregnancies, posing a significant risk to both mother and fetus. It is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, often accompanied by other systemic abnormalities. PE involves complex mechanisms, including placental ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, and an imbalance of angiogenic factors. Genetic predisposition, immunological factors, and environmental factors also play crucial roles. Established risk factors include first pregnancy, advanced maternal age, multiple gestation, chronic diseases, and family history. Emerging risk factors include infections, vitamin D deficiency, and gut microbiome alterations. PE can lead to severe maternal complications, including eclampsia, stroke, and organ dysfunction. Fetal complications include preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. PE can have long-term consequences for both mother and offspring. Maternal risks include an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Offspring may experience an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and neurodevelopmental issues. Early detection through regular prenatal checkups, urine tests, and laboratory investigations is crucial. Management focuses on optimizing maternal and fetal well-being, often involving close monitoring, antihypertensive medications, and timely delivery. PE remains a significant challenge in obstetrics. Continued research is essential to further elucidate its pathogenesis, improve early detection, and develop novel therapeutic strategies to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.