A Review Article on Hypothyroidism

Thyroid disorders are a worldwide, most prevalent endocrine diseases. It is a group of conditions affecting the thyroid gland's function, are widespread globally, with over 42 million people affected in India alone. These disorders can manifest as either underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism) thyroid. It significantly impacts the metabolism, growth, and overall health of the human body. This review article’s main goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland, the various types of thyroid disorders including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, goiter, thyroiditis, thyroid disorders in pregnancy as well as their etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders is crucial for early detection and effective treatment. The article further explores the role of genetic and environmental factors in the development of thyroid conditions, the advancements in diagnostic techniques, and the latest therapeutic interventions. Additionally, it highlights the importance of early intervention and the impact of thyroid dysfunction on quality of life, particularly in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and the elderly. By consolidating current research and clinical practices, this review aims to contribute to a more thorough understanding and better management of thyroid disorders.