Current Perspectives on Bruxism: From Etiology to Strategical Management

Oral parafunctional habits, such as bruxism, nail-biting, and thumb sucking, represent repetitive behaviors that significantly impact oral and overall health. These habits, characterized by abnormal muscle activity, can lead to complications including malocclusion, temporomandibular joint disorders, and tooth damage. The prevalence of these habits is particularly notable in children, with thumb sucking affecting nearly 50% of the young population. While some habits resolve naturally, others persist and cause irreversible dental and structural issues. Etiological factors are multifactorial, encompassing psychological stress, developmental needs, and environmental influences. Effective management requires early detection and a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating behavioral therapies, orthodontic interventions, and psychosocial support. This review highlights the classification, consequences, and therapeutic strategies for parafunctional habits, emphasizing the need for awareness and early intervention to promote optimal oral health and well-being. Further research is essential to deepen our understanding of parafunctional habits and their multifaceted effects on oral and overall health. Current treatment approaches, while effective for many patients, often focus on mitigating symptoms rather than addressing the underlying causes or preventing recurrence. This underscores the need for innovative and personalized treatment plans