EXPLORING THE SYNTHETIC AND MEDICINAL PERSPECTIVES OF 3,4-DIHYDROPYRMIDINES: A REVIEW

3,4-Dihydropyrimidines (3,4-DHPs) are versatile bioactive compounds recognized for their diverse pharmacological properties. 3,4-Dihydropyrimidines are potent compounds with diverse roles in medicinal chemistry and biological applications. However, traditional synthesis methods often require severe conditions, including high temperatures and toxic reagents, resulting in low yields and environmental issues. In response, there is a growing emphasis on developing more sustainable and efficient synthesis methods, with the catalytic one-pot multicomponent reaction (MCR) being a promising approach. Various catalysts, such as metal-based, organocatalysts, polymer-supported, and enzymatic systems, significantly enhance reaction efficiency and selectivity, each with distinct benefits. Despite challenges related to catalyst cost, reusability, scalability, and substrate range, this review explores catalytic strategies for 3,4-DHPs synthesis from 2002 to 2024, focusing on reaction conditions, substrates, and yields. The goal is to encourage further investigation into new catalytic methods to broaden the application of 3,4-DHPs in medicinal chemistry.