Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Literature Review of Basic Concepts, Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe inflammatory bowel condition that causes intestinal tissue ischemia in premature newborns, mainly due to their underdeveloped intestinal and immune systems. NEC develops through both maternal and infant-related factors, including weak immune defenses, reduced transfer of maternal immunity, and various molecular factors such as epigenetics and blood vessel development. Feeding problems are the earliest sign, often accompanied by breathing pauses, slow heart rate, and unstable body temperature. Initial treatment is focused on bowel rest, nutritional support, and antibiotics. Surgery becomes necessary in about 30% of cases, especially in younger patients. Preventing NEC is crucial for reducing complications, medical costs, and long-term developmental problems that affect both quality of life and healthcare resources.