INNOVATIVE METHODS IN SYNTHESIZING ORGANOMETAL HALIDE PEROVSKITES FOR ENHANCED SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY

<p><em><span>The pursuit of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has led to the development of several innovative synthesis methods for organometal halide perovskites. This study reviews seven key techniques that have significantly enhanced the performance and stability of PSCs. These methods include Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD), Hydrochloric Acid Vapor Annealing (HAVA), interface functionalization, cryo-controlled nucleation, the incorporation of core-shell metal nanoparticles, tantalum-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanorods, and sequential vacuum deposition. HCVD allows for precise control of deposition parameters, achieving efficiencies up to 11.8%. HAVA enhances structural and electronic properties by converting CH3NH3PbI3 to phase-pure CH3NH3PbCl3, increasing efficiency to 17.40%. Interface functionalization with organometallic compounds such as ferrocenyl-bis-thiophene-2-carboxylate has achieved efficiencies of 25.0% and maintained stability over long-term operation. Cryo-controlled nucleation creates highly uniform films, reaching a PCE of 21.4%. The integration of core-shell metal nanoparticles reduces exciton binding energy, achieving efficiencies of up to 11.4%. Tantalum doping in TiO2 nanorods enhances electron transport and band alignment, resulting in a record efficiency of 19.11%. Sequential vacuum deposition produces uniform, highly crystalline perovskite films, achieving efficiencies up to 15.4%. These advancements address key challenges in the scalability, stability, and efficiency of PSCs, paving the way for the commercial viability of high-performance perovskite-based photovoltaics. Continued research and optimization of these methods will drive further progress in the field.</span></em></p>