Desafíos Geometalúrgicos y Optimización de Procesos para Menas Polimetálicas Complejas de Sulfuros de los Andes Centrales, Provincias de Lima, Perú

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the processing of complex copper–lead–zinc–silver (Cu–Pb–Zn–Ag) polymetallic ores from the metallogenetic belt of the Central Andes, with a specific focus on the mining districts of the Lima Provinces, Peru. It addresses the geological context that gives rise to mineralizations with fine intergrowths and a high content of penalty elements, particularly arsenic in the form of enargite. Fundamental metallurgical challenges are examined, including mineral liberation, selective flotation, and the management of deleterious elements. Advanced processing strategies are detailed, highlighting the use of specialized reagent schemes for arsenic depression and the integration of hydrometallurgical circuits for the treatment of high-impurity concentrates. The critical role of an integrated geometallurgical approach in optimizing mine planning and metallurgical response is emphasized. Additionally, the unique operational dynamics of high-altitude processing are analyzed, including the effects of hypobaric pressure on flotation kinetics and the sustainable management of water and effluents. The study concludes with key findings on process optimization and outlines future directions for research and development to ensure the economically and environmentally responsible exploitation of these strategic resources.