Bioaerosols in Indoor and Outdoor Environments: Sources, Transport, and Health Effects

Abstract: Bioaerosols, which include airborne bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, and pollen, are critical components of indoor and outdoor air quality. Their sources range from natural emissions, such as soil and plant surfaces, to anthropogenic activities like industrial processes and human occupancy. Understanding bioaerosol dynamics is essential due to their potential health effects, including allergic reactions, respiratory diseases, and pathogen transmission. Outdoor bioaerosols are influenced by meteorological conditions, whereas indoor bioaerosols are shaped by ventilation, humidity, and occupant activities. This review examines bioaerosol sources, transport mechanisms, and their impact on human health. Special emphasis is given to environmental factors affecting bioaerosol concentration and composition. Detection techniques, including culture-based and molecular methods, are also discussed. The findings highlight the need for improved air quality monitoring and mitigation strategies to reduce bioaerosol-related health risks. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of exposure and advanced technologies for bioaerosol detection and control.