Mechanism of inhibiting periodontitis pathogenesis with various variations of inhibitors on Porphyromonas gingivalis: Systematic literature review

Background: Periodontal disease is the most prevalent disease worldwide with a prevalence of 20% to 50%, including periodontitis. Periodontitis involves complex interactions between specific pathogenic bacteria and host immune response. Microbial infections in subgingival biofilms are mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis. Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence is one way to prevent periodontitis. This inhibition can be done in several ways through peptide inhibitors, quorum sensing inhibitors and natural inhibitors. Objective: This study aims to explain the mechanism of inhibiting periodontitis pathogenesis with various inhibitors on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: his study employed a systematic literature review design by searching for articles based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search strategy used keywords and Boolean Operators from two databases (EBSCO and ProQuest). Results: he use of SAPP as a peptide inhibitor can inhibit the activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains, suppressing cytokine levels and inhibit colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis. The use of furanone, D-ribose and BMK-Q101 as quorum sensing inhibitors can reduce Porphyromonas gingivalis in biofilms, inhibit the biosynthesis of autoinducer-2 so as to suppress the virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis. The use of prenyl flavonoid as a natural inhibitor is a potent inhibitor of Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) and completely suppress the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Conclusion: Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis using peptide inhibitor, quorum sensing inhibitors and natural inhibitor can suppress virulence factors and inhibit biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis thus inhibiting the pathogenesis of periodontitis.