Systematic Review of Waterborne diseases: Epidemiology, Clinical management, Prevention and Public Health Strategies.

Abstract: Waterborne diseases pose significant global health challenges, particularly in regions lacking clean water and sanitation. These diseases, caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites, spread through contaminated water, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in low socioeconomic and developing areas. This review examines the epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, and management of major waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and giardiasis. It also highlights the increasing impact of climate change—extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and altered rainfall patterns on disease prevalence and severity. Effective prevention strategies, including water sanitation, hygiene, vaccination, surveillance, and public health education are discussed. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, enhancing disease surveillance, and integrating climate data are crucial to mitigate the impact of these diseases. A holistic approach combining clinical management, prevention, and environmental interventions is essential for reducing their global burden and improving health outcomes in vulnerable populations