Innovative Applications of Biochar and Waste-Derived Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Remediation.

Abstract Sustainable agriculture faces pressing challenges including soil degradation, nutrient imbalance, and environmental pollution. This review synthesizes recent advancements in biochar and waste-derived fertilizers as innovative solutions to promote nutrient recycling, soil health, crop productivity, and environmental remediation. It explores feedstock sources, thermochemical production methods, and modifications enhancing nutrient delivery and carbon sequestration. Waste conversion technologies and development of slow-release and nanofertilizers are evaluated for their efficacy in improving nutrient bioavailability and crop quality. The review highlights biochar's role in mitigating heavy metal toxicity, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and advancing circular economy principles. Integration with microbial bioformulations and nanotechnology is emphasized for enhanced plant growth and soil ecosystem functioning. Additionally, emerging fabrication techniques, economic viability, and regulatory frameworks are discussed. Despite promising advances, challenges remain in understanding long-term impacts, optimizing application strategies, and scaling technologies. Future research should focus on tailored fertilization approaches, environmental assessments, and policy support to foster sustainable agricultural systems.