Phakellia rugosa

Phakellia rugosa (Bowerbank, 1866) Dictyocylindrus rugosus Bowerbank 1866: 119–120. Axinella rugosa – Fristedt 1885: 47–48; 1887: 461. — Arndt 1935: 89, fig. 188. — Alander 1942: 70–71. Pseudaxinella sulcata Schmidt, 1865 – Alander 1942: 69–70 (key), 70 (description). Material examined (41 specimens) SWEDEN • 1 spec.; Kosterhavet; 58.8833° N, 11.0833° E; 1 Nov 2001; Fredrik Pleijel leg. [TML-01]; P006-011116-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1096 • 1 spec.; 58.7439° N, 10.7336° E; 102–76 m depth; 31 May 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 15]; dredge; P006-111006-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 949; P006-111006-1 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; voucher: GNM Porifera 950 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; P006-111124-6–7; voucher: GNM Porifera 502 • 1 spec.; 57.6451° N, 11.6114° E; 74–39 m depth; 24 Aug. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK51]; dredge; P006-111006-3; voucher: GNM Porifera 536 • 1 spec.; 58.7014° N, 11.0372° E; 172–140 m depth; 1 Jun. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 17]; dredge; P006-111007-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 503 • 7 specs; same collection data as for preceding; P006-111007-2–8; voucher: GNM Porifera 503 • 1 spec.; 58.3888° N, 10.4314° E; 353– 335 m depth; 29 May 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 2]; dredge; P006-111010- 1; voucher: GNM Porifera 500 • 1 spec.; 58.3566° N, 10.4727° E; 353–331 m depth; 5 Jun. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 22]; dredge; P006-111010-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 951 • 1 spec.; 58.6828° N, 10.8174° E; 163 m depth; 1 Jun. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 18]; dredge; P006-111010-3; voucher: GNM Porifera 504 • 1 spec.; 58.9628° N, 11.0229° E; 49–14 m depth; 24 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK96]; dredge; P006-111013- 1; voucher: GNM Porifera 895 • 1 spec.; 58.6453° N, 11.0148° E; 118–44 m depth; 22 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK74]; dredge; P006-111013-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 513 • 1 spec.; 58.4356° N, 10.8732° E; 100–93 m depth; 30 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK125]; dredge; P006-111013-3; voucher: GNM Porifera 519 • 1 spec.; 57.5164° N, 11.6549° E; 44–28 m depth; 21 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [KA126]; dredge; P006-111107-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 537 • 1 spec.; Svaberget; 58.3626° N, 11.062° E; 67– 40 m depth; 16 Sep. 2010; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK265]; dredge; P006-111110-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1097 • 1 spec.; 58.7399° N, 10.7403° E; 151–102 m depth; 22 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK79]; dredge; P006-111124-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 669 • 3 specs; 58.1352° N, 11.2512° E; 51–46 m depth; 20 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK67]; dredge; P006-111124-2–4; voucher: GNM Porifera 511 • 1 spec.; 58.487° N,´10.4228° E; 348–326 m depth; 30 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK128]; dredge; P006- 111124-5; voucher: GNM Porifera 521 • 2 specs; 58.3888° N, 10.4314° E; 353–335 m depth; 29 May 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 2]; dredge; P006-111125-1 and 2; voucher: GNM Porifera 505 • 2 specs; 58.5696° N, 10.9829° E; 60–46 m depth; 21 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK71]; dredge; P006-111125-3–4; voucher: GNM Porifera 512 • 4 specs; 58.487° N, 10.4228° E; 348–326 m depth; 21 Aug 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK128]; dredge; P006-111125-5 to 8; voucher: GNM Porifera 520 • 1 spec.; 58.4754° N, 10.5578° E; 260–222 m depth; 11 Oct. 2012; leg. [PM9-546]; dredge; P006-161123-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1098 • 1 spec.; 58.2858° N, 10.4646° E; 394–345 m depth; 6 Feb. 2013; leg. [PM15-559]; dredge; P006-161123-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 1099 • 1 spec.; 58.6954° N, 10.8392° E; 64–42 m depth; 22 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK75]; dredge; P009-111013-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 668 • 1 specs; same collection data as for preceding; PA242-110404-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 668 • 1 spec.; 58.5032° N, 10.7195° E; 136–132 m depth; 28 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK115]; dredge; P065-110629-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 518 • 1 spec.; 57.5336° N, 11.6488° E; 38–24 m depth; 20 Aug. 2009; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [KA117]; dredge; PA413-110404-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 976. Description The specimens presented various morphotypes ranging from branching erect with distinct branches/ projections to fuse branches, i.e., lamellated morphology. When preserved in ethanol, the colour is pale yellow. Given that the specimens were not observed in situ, the natural colour is unknown. However, the specimens of this species have been reported with a live colour ranging from white-grey to pale yellow. The surface is uneven rugose, varying in different specimens from almost conulose to smooth. Skeleton The skeleton is composed by a thick mesh of strongyles and oxeas, and with styles protruding the surface. Megascleres are: flexuous strongyles and oxeas measuring 570–1200 µm× 14–20 µm (N=4), and styles measuring 975–1175 ×10–15 µm (N= 4).