Tackling Emerging Veterinary Viral Diseases: The Threat of Canine Influenza Virus (CIV)

Abstract Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) has emerged as a significant threat to companion animal health globally. Initially identified in racing greyhounds in 2004, CIV has since spread worldwide, affecting both individual pets and animal populations in shelters, kennels, and veterinary clinics. Caused by the H3N8 and H3N2 influenza strains, CIV presents with respiratory symptoms, including coughing, nasal discharge, fever, and lethargy. In severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia and death, especially in young, elderly, or immunocompromised dogs. The virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces, making high-density environments particularly vulnerable to outbreaks. Diagnostic methods, including PCR testing and serology, are essential for confirming CIV infections. Preventive measures, such as vaccination, isolation of infected animals, and rigorous sanitation protocols, are crucial to control transmission. While CIV primarily affects dogs, its zoonotic potential raises concerns about possible human infection. Continued research, surveillance, and public health collaboration are vital in managing the threat of CIV and reducing its impact on both animal and human health. Effective control strategies will require ongoing vigilance and innovation in veterinary practices.