Distribution and Contamination Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Sediment, Water, and Crayfish from Five Riverine Communities in Burutu LGA, Delta State, Nigeria

Background: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a class of pollutants that have been linked to various environmental and health problems. These compounds can originate from various sources, including industrial activities, agricultural runoff, and domestic waste disposal. Once released into the environment, VOCs can contaminate water bodies, sediments, and biota, posing risks to both ecosystem health and human well-being. The Niger Delta region of Nigeria, where Burutu Local Government Area is situated, is a major hub of oil and gas production. However, this industrial activity has been accompanied by widespread environmental degradation, including the release of VOCs into the environment. Riverine communities in this region, which rely heavily on aquatic resources for livelihood and sustenance, are particularly vulnerable to VOC contamination. Despite the potential risks associated with VOC contamination, there is a dearth of information on the distribution and levels of these pollutants in sediment, water, and biota in riverine communities of Burutu Local Government Area. Objective: This study investigated the distribution and contamination levels of VOCs in sediment, water, and crayfish samples collected from five riverine communities in the study area. Method: The study adopted a comprehensive environmental monitoring approach, which included collecting and analysing water, sediment, and crayfish samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioaccumulation was evaluated, and VOC concentrations were determined to be comparable at sites. Results: VOC concentrations in water in Ayakoromor were 0.003 mg/L and 1.22 mg/L in Burutu. Gbekebor had the highest contamination levels in sediment samples at 11.44 mg/kg. Levels of VOC accumulation in crustaceans were measured, and the highest value was observed at 1.87 mg/kg in Gbekebor. Through spatial analysis, pollution hotspots were found to be induced by industrial pollution in Burutu and Gbekebor. Conclusions: Burutu LGA is at risk of ecological and health hazards from VOC pollution. Unique Contribution: This study provides baseline data on VOCs and heavy metals in the studied area, highlighting seasonal variations, bioaccumulation risks, and public health implications for environmental monitoring and policy. Key Recommendations: Strict regulations, monitoring, and mitigation are urgently needed to combat VOC pollution in Burutu LGA