Oral Health Equity: Challenges and Innovations for the Uninsured

Introduction A nation's economic growth is intrinsically linked to the empowerment of its people i.e when individuals have the freedom and opportunity to work, they can lead healthier, more fulfilling, and productive lives, fostering a cycle of prosperity that drives sustainable development and national progress1. Thus, health care becomes a fundamental necessity for humans. Oral health is a vital aspect of overall health and well-being. Poor oral health has been linked to various diseases and conditions in both adults and children, including cavities and periodontal disease2. Oral diseases restrict activities in school, at work, and at home causing millions of school and work hours to be lost each year worldwide. Moreover, there is a psychosocial impact of these diseases that significantly diminishes the quality of life of people3. Despite significant advancements in global oral health, many communities—particularly underprivileged groups in developing countries—continue to face persistent challenges4. High cost, limited access to care, low utilization of services, and poorer health outcomes are common challenges. Dental treatment is considered to be the fourth most expensive treatment. So, oral diseases are still a serious public health problem in many parts of the world, even though it is largely preventable6. A review of 72 worldwide studies reported that caries prevalence in preschool children ranged from 12 to 98%7. Also among adolescents, avoidance of early dental disease can lead to invasive dental procedures and emergency dental visits8. Regular dental check-ups and preventive care are crucial in reducing disease risk and detecting other health issues. Dental care expenditures vary by country, which can further deepen inequalities and limit access to dental services9. Health insurance is a social economic organization whose purpose is to facilitate medical service without financial impediments as a barrier between the individual and his/her access to the health service10. It is not protection against illness but security against the high costs of health services. The uninsured person has no insurance coverage that is personally responsible for all costs associated with health services and may face a significant financial burden.