Innovative Pathways for Sustainable Agriculture: Harnessing Bio-Waste Valorization and Eco-Intelligent Technologies for Soil and Environmental Regeneration.

Abstract Sustainable agriculture faces significant challenges including soil degradation, pollution, and inefficient resource utilization. This review synthesizes recent advances in bio-waste valorization and eco-intelligent agricultural technologies aimed at regenerating soil health and reducing environmental impacts. Key focus areas include thermochemical conversion of residues to biochar, nutrient recovery and slow-release fertilizers, green nanotechnology applications, biocontrol agents, and advanced sensing for precision management. The integration of biochar with fertilizers improves nutrient retention, mitigates heavy metal bioavailability, and enhances microbial diversity, resulting in improved crop growth and greenhouse gas mitigation. The review also addresses economic and regulatory constraints and recommends future research directions to advance multifunctional biochar composites, sensor-driven smart fertilization, and participatory approaches incorporating indigenous knowledge. These innovations demonstrate promising pathways toward sustainable, environmentally friendly agricultural systems. Keywords: sustainable agriculture, bio-waste valorization, biochar, eco-intelligent technologies, soil regeneration, nutrient recovery, biocontrol, greenhouse gas mitigation